Thoughts

I keep seeing a huge red flag when speaking to my network and friends at big tech companies. It’s either complaints about being “forced to use AI and be more productive,” or bewilderment that “GitHub Copilot is so good.” I accept that working in a greenfield startup is different from an enterprise trying to change. However, it’s crazy to see that they’re only now adopting technologies I was using before ChatGPT. ...

Today, the three reasons I work out are: I want to be able to eat more food I’m uncomfortable at the gym, and I feel uncomfortable when I start feeling comfortable I get all my best ideas when I’m working out If I’m being really honest though, there are tons more: Feel comfortable in my own body (when I look in the mirror) Need a place to listen to podcasts (at 0.8x speed) Need a place to disconnect (headphones in, glasses off) Practice new skills (to get the mind in a different state) Look good (to feel good) but also because it’s key to first impressions Makes me feel more confident in my own skin In the past, the three reasons I worked out were: ...

tl;dr AGI is here, superintelligence is coming, but its impact on every person in the world and its dissemination into different verticals will take longer than we expect. Life Mission I’ve written about it before, and I feel the need to reiterate it as a preamble to the main point I want to make. My life mission is to help everyone achieve their full potential. I’m starting with myself, and hope to do that for others in later chapters of my life. ...

I have an open secret about fine-tuning models. I predict most enterprises will independently rediscover this by the end of the year. First, some context. I’m an early adopter: I’ve been using GitHub Copilot since July 2021. I started using ChatGPT on November 30, 2022. I experimented heavily with fine-tuning models in 2023 and 2024. For most practical use cases, it was a waste of time and money. I’ve been using Claude Code since February 2025. Before that, I spent years building ML infrastructure on cross-functional R&D teams: ...

We didn’t change the tools. We just changed where the thinking happens. Past: CLI: Navigate IDE: Code Browser: Write Book: Read Present: CLI: Code & Navigate IDE: Write Browser: Read Book: Decorate

This post could be shorter, but I agree with the general direction. Today, working out and living a healthy lifestyle are a choice, not a necessity. In the future, working and living an intellectually effortful lifestyle will be a choice, not a necessity. However, it’s a matter of who you want to spend your time around. Remember that you are the average of those you’re surrounded by. The wealth gap will widen. Poverty will disappear. The bottom 99% will live in abundance. ...

I recently learnt about Dr. Arthur Brooks after listening to a few afters of him speaking on The Modern Wisdom podcast and The Tim Ferriss Show. Though I’m sure I would appreciate it, the marginal gains I’d get from reading his book Build the Life You Want, are likely not worth the time investment given that I’ve spent north of 4 hours listening to his podcasts. However, this short blogpost is worth the read and covers three key points: ...

Open source is back. RSS is back. AI agents make this possible, but only if you make your repo AI-first. Humans still decide what to do. One of my open source repos is becoming the de facto way people convert blogs into RSS. As far as I know, it powers most Anthropic RSS newsfeeds. I’m getting a surge of new contributors. Agents make coding easier. That part is obvious. What is less obvious is this: they make contributing easier. ...

Throughout my career, I’ve had consistent success getting jobs at other companies, both small and large. I bring unique ideas and perspectives to the table. I can build and lead small teams. I can communicate clearly and effectively, endure pain, adapt, and I have the hard skills to learn and execute. I also have well-known weaknesses (impatience, aversion to meetings, self-criticism), but that’s not what this post is about. This post is about my weakest muscles: finding PMF, getting my first real customer, and taking a product from zero to one. ...

Ever since Paul Graham’s Founder Mode came out, I’ve been trying to find a definition for another term I’ve been thinking about: Founder Aura. Yesterday, I was speaking with a friend of mine. I’ll keep names and companies vague to maintain anonymity. He’s a high-caliber researcher at one of the world’s leading companies. A well-known engineering founder, leader and executive joined the meeting. My friend felt the need to mention it. He felt the need to say that the executive appreciated his thoughts and ideas. He felt the need to say that the executive was “just like us.” ...

Being diagnosed with ADHD requires filling out a questionnaire that is reviewed by a physician. That’s fine, and necessary, but it’s not the real test. The real test is simply trying ADHD medication: Vyvanse, Adderall, etc. If you don’t have ADHD, you’ll feel like you’re on methamphetamines. You’ll be hyperactive, irritable, and unable to sleep. You’ll want it to end. If you do have ADHD, you’ll enter a state of euphoria. The whole world will come together instead of feeling like a mess being pulled in a million directions. You’ll be able to focus. The world will slow down. Your brain will feel clear. You’ll be less irritable. You’ll be in the zone. ...

I had a multi-hour conversation with a single Gemini session and noticed that the responses dropped in quality and started coming back very fast. I’m familiar with context limits and context poisoning, but the sudden brevity still surprised me. I asked the agent what was going on and found this: It turns out that deep into a work session, 3-line responses are a feature, not a bug. Nothing too deep here, just a fun way to accidentally stumble onto a technical detail through a random observation.

Over the past month, with December being a slower month, I put more effort into meeting people in person. This ranged from going to meetups, driving out to see friends with kids, doing a road trip to see a friend in a different city, or taking a ferry to meet someone new. I realized that after you spend a few hours, or a couple of days, with someone in person, the relationship and rapport you build is unparalleled compared to anything done remotely. Texting, calling, or video chat do not come close. ...

If you’re reading this, you’ve definitely heard of Impostor Syndrome. There’s a good chance you’ve felt it at some point. You might be feeling it right now. External validation is a powerful motivator, but it’s a double-edged sword. If validation comes from someone willing to pay for your product, take it seriously. Money is signal. If it comes from applause, praise, or attention without commitment, treat it with caution. Those signals decay fast. ...

Peter Thiel is well known for his infamous book, Zero to One. In reality, most startups fail, so it probably should have been called Zero or One. The skill set required to go from one to ten, to one hundred, and beyond is broad, iterative, heavily experience-driven, and requires a lot of people serving different functions. But, the jump from zero to one really is a jump. And it isn’t just a skill set. It’s a mindset.

Werner Vogels, the CTO of Amazon wrote about his upcoming predictions. This note on quantum cryptography is the best take I’ve seen so far w.r.t to its urgency: Preparation isn’t something you can put off, the work must begin now, and organizations need to act on three fronts: Deploying post-quantum cryptography (PQC) where we can Planning to update and replace physical infrastructure where we can’t Developing quantum ready talent to support this transition. Luckily, not all is lost: ...

A great 2-minute post by Ross Lazerowitz, CEO at https://www.miragesecurity.ai/ The playbook for enterprise software is: Cold outreach Design Partners First Cohort Love it. But, he calls out that desperation != urgency. Being able to sell and raise doesn’t mean success. It means you might get stuck in a local minima. User need to line up for your product. His key takeaway is: Go slow to go fast. Don’t spin up marketing and a sales team until you feel that pull. If you can’t close $1M without marketing spend and 10 AEs, you might be building something middling. Don’t get distracted by desperation if you can’t find urgency. ...

I haven’t missed a morning workout in almost a decade. Sometimes it’s just a stretch, sometimes it’s at the airport, but there’s always something. A lot of people see it as discipline, but it’s really just an addiction. Recently, I’ve been having conversations with a lot of founders, and we talk about how many of us were “diagnosed” with ADHD as adults, and how helpful Vyvanse has been. Some people ask: ...

Side projects are one of those things I go back and forth on. On one hand, I used to think that if you’re so passionate about a side project, why don’t you make it your fulltime job? On the other hand, there are so many reasons to do them: You can tinker without getting in anyone’s way There’s no need to plan, prioritize or coordinate with others It’s a form of “active recovery” There’s no pressure to deliver results It allows you to put yourself in a different mindspace and environment that can bring about new ideas No matter how passioante you are about your work, you need to step away sometimes ??? I’ll periodically come back here and keep updating this list…

Money Magnifies You. AI Amplifies Your Intelligence. There’s a common saying: Money doesn’t change who you are; it magnifies who you really are. AI works the same way: AI doesn’t change your intelligence; it amplifies your intelligence. When you see both as tools to expand who you are rather than define you, the whole picture snaps into place. Financial freedom removes capital as a ceiling on curiosity. AI removes time and access to information as ceilings on curiosity. ...

The last decade was about evaluating empirical data. The next decade is about evaluating generative data. Synthetic data itself isn’t the goal, understating it is.

This is a TIL of a TIL. Simon Willison wrong of using an NVIDIA DGX Spark with an Apple Mac Studio for faster inference, with all the details here. He talks about the two phases of inference: Prefill: Influence Time-To-First-Token (TTFT) Decode: Influence Tokens Per Second (TPS) Prefill Read the prompt Build a Key-Value Cache for each transformer layer in the model Bound by compute as it initializes the model’s internal state and does a lot of matrix multiplication. ...

The Demo-to-Product Gap? The March of nines? In AI, the last 0.001% takes 99.999% of the time. We need a name for it, and given how much the Andrej & Dwarkesh interview has been cited, it’s only fair to call it “The Karpathy Principle”. Here is a 30 second YouTube Clip for reference.

A Read Through On Venting I have a close friend to whom I vent every once in a while. He recently shared a post he wrote called On Venting. I immediately understood why he responds to all of my non-venting messages and pretends as if the vents never happened: When folks interact with me, I often skip past the emotional complaints. I like to think I do the following, but it’s probably only true half the time—at best: ...

Founders create problems. Operators solve them. I’ve met a lot of executives and CTOs who resonate with two things: They like to solve puzzles. They like to be given an end goal and just make it happen. The job of a founder is to identify opportunities (i.e. problems), set a vision for what a solution looks like, and build a team that’s enabled to get there. That idea, of course, comes with plenty of qualifiers and caveats. It simply defines a founder’s end goal, not their day-to-day. ...

I can never see myself writing code by hand again. It feels like doing multiplication and division with large numbers before there was a calculator. While the agents are working, I’m reviewing, editing, and staying in context. Basically, I’m only typing to think, not to do.

Onboarding engineers is hard. You need to set up your development environment, build context, navigate the codebase, navigate the organization, understand the system, the product — and the list goes on. I used to believe that the best way to onboard an engineer on day one is to make sure they: Get their development environment set up Make a pull request to the codebase Merge and deploy to production You get an immediate hit of dopamine and experience the end-to-end flow of shipping a feature or fixing a bug. ...

Task: Product Founder Fit: Building domain expertise is not hard, but entrenching oneself in the culture of an existing industry takes time. Patience: Patience with results but impatience with action. Complimenting onself: Kind of like relationships, I learnt a lot about myself. Marketing. Advertising. Selling. Domain expertise. Etc. My skillset is about ideation, strategic direction, execution, planning, organization, inspiration. I really have to get better at selling and building relatinoships. Managing emotional intelligence: For myself and for others This is a tl;dr and I really wish I had spent more time writing in the past.

There’s a quote I heard a little while ago that really stuck with me: If you are not a liberal when you are young, you have no heart. If you are not a conservative when you are old, you have no brain. Following up my recent post about politics, I have a complementary version to this: If you are a young engineer who doesn’t hate politics, you have no heart. If you are an old engineer who doesn’t hate politics, you have no brain. ...

Feedback shouldn’t be a one-time or regularly scheduled event. It’s a constant daily process that should happen just-in-time. It should be critical and unemotional. The only rule is that you should praise more than you criticize. In short, remember to praise as often as possible, when deserved, and criticize as soon as possible, when necessary.

One thing I’ve changed my mind on recently is the importance of politics. When I worked as an individual contributor at large companies, I hated the bureaucracy and politics. Don’t get me wrong, I still do. But I’ve come to realize that politics is not a blocker, it’s a lever you can pull. If you can learn to navigate it, it is a lot more powerful than any engineering work. ...

Fools ignore complexity. Pragmatists suffer it. Some can avoid it. Geniuses remove it. — Alan Perlis

Chris Dixon once said: “Come for the tool, stay for the network.” The modern version of that is: “Come for the tech, stay for the community.” It never seizes to amaze me the power of a strong community. Chris Dixon’s post from 2015

Stripe is building a new blockchain: Tempo. Meta tried the same ~5 years ago with Libra/Diem. An overlooked point when comparing the two is what they’re focusing on… First, a primer on 2 core blockchain concepts: Consensus: how you agree on a set of transactions Execution: how you process those transactions Meta → Consensus: Designed & built DiemBFT (HotStuff-based) Optimized for scalable, permissionless consensus Execution layer → MoveVM Spurred Aptos Labs, Sui Network, 0L Network (use DiemBFT and MoveM) Stripe → Execution: ...

Computer Science degrees are more relevant than ever before. In the 2010s, new grads said: “Nothing I learned applies to work.” You studied CS, but did software engineering. Today, AI does most of the software engineering for you. To know what AI can and cannot do requires understanding the fundamentals. A CS degree isn’t a must, but it certainly helps.

Feynman’s Problem Solving Playbook: Write down the problem Think very hard Write down the answer AI-era Feynman’s Problem Solving Playbook: Type out a good prompt Think very hard about the output Repeat (1) & (2) until you get the answer

One of the biggest mistakes in AI evals is treating them as objective truth. Benchmarks and leaderboards are a great signal, but they are not universally applicable. Think SATs or job interviews: directionally correct, but not a guarantee of on-the-job performance. Results depend on context, environment, operations, and collaboration. And just like with people, the more you actually work with a particular LLM, the more results start to compound.

I hear a lot of conflation between RPCs and APIs. Let’s fix that. RPC is the channel two computers use to talk. Think of it as the phone line 📞 API is the contract for how they talk. Think of it as the language 🗣️

KISS: Keep It Simple, Stupid. But remember: simple isn’t easy.

Work in an environment that teaches you what your limits but doesn’t push you past them. Work-life integration isn’t about balance or 996. It’s about learning your limits, growing them over time, and flirting with the boundary.

Amazing read showing what a single engineer can do when you actually care about your work. Loved the post because it also showcased what the real world looks like. A balance of planning and hacking. Some decisions were data driven, while others were more intuitive. Diving deep into some issues, while letting go of others never to understand the root cause. This is what the real world looks like. And lastly, another signal that Postgres is likely going to solve all your problems unless you have really big data.

Some feedback I got from an anonymous friend. You don’t necessarily need 100K labels depending on the domain Data labeling for complex tasks starts to approximate knowledge work which comes with interesting new angles for “collaborative labeling” Combining human labels with automated methods is important

This post convinced me to go down the Claude Code Learning Curve. Thanks for all the insights! Posting my #ActiveReading notes below. -– Experience is an excellent school; unfortunately, the fees are very high.” Let me share the fruits of my experience so you don’t have to pay the high fees. Loved this quote. If Claude does something you don’t like, don’t just correct it once — ask it to update the CLAUDE.md file so it remembers for next time. ...

Below is a very terse and opinionated set of steps to data labeling and model evaluation.

tl;dr Teams should build their own LLM tooling, starting with GitHub PR Description generators.

Definitely Worth a read (pun intended).Good perspective on how much momentum a certain geography has when the flywheel kicks off.It’s near impossible to reverse so need to get it right from the start. Let’s not fuck up the software industry.Critique - the article is great but, for me, a bit too dense with facts, dates, names and timelines.

@mtorygreen I’m current the CTO at Grove and Head of Protocol at Pocket Network. We’re launching a full rewrite of Pocket early next year (a migration fully rewritten using the latest Cosmos SDK). There are some easy lifts we can do to support io.net relaying via pocket then. Would love to chat when you’re open to it.

Thank you for going through the pain (and documenting it) so we don’t have to!

The Road to a Personal Computer In the mid-90s, my family got their first computer. I vividly remember the Windows 95 logo loading up on the screen as I booted a computer up for the first time. Later that day, two things happened: I visited lego.com for about 5-10 minutes. I remember asking why there’s a limit to how long I could spend on the web 😅 I loaded up a floppy disk with Doom II. This experience scarred me from playing first-person shooters for almost a decade 😓 ...

This is a post in a series of articles I’m writing called “5 points & 1 resource” (think tl;dr but 5p;1r), where I summarize a list of 5 concepts that would have helped me start learning or re-learning a certain topic. It is intentionally far from a complete source of data. I recently came by this one reference on the nuances between an individual, their insurance plan and a drug company from an article titled *“Is My Drug Copay Coupon a Form of Charity — Or a Bribe?”. *I thought it was important enough to be summarized in 5 points below. ...

tl;dr Configure your router to disable IPv6 and use a 2.4 GHz WiFi band if you’re running into the same issue.

Great article! Just wanted to provide my own tl;dr below ▪ MPT Ingredients : Merkle Tree + Prefix Tree + Custom Modification ▪ MPT Nodes : Leaf nodes + branch nodes + extension nodes ▪ State root : 256 bit hash of root ▪ Geth KV Store : levelDB ▪ Parity KV Store : rocksDB ▪ Tries : 1. Transaction Trie - mapping from transction hash → raw transactions 2. Transaction Reciept Trie - mapping from transaction hash → transaction execution Metadata ...

I put together a small sequence diagram using mermaid to help visualize this.

Could you split this into two PRs, please? Could you please approve this so I can merge it in? Why are you implementing XXX using A rather than B? NIT: extra space In the context of code reviews, I’ve found myself on both the giving and receiving end of these types of comments more than once. I must say that the following tweet still rings true today: Having worked on production systems at large companies, internal systems at mid-size companies and most recently joining a small and agile team, I increasingly realize that the purpose of code reviews depends on the stage and size of both the team and project. For example, for a mature, production-grade, critical system at a large established company: ...

Reading this statement made me think why fiction, in the form of films, TV, books, games, plays and more have such a big place in our…

When I read the title, I was thinking the article would discuss how everyone uses and interacts with it through centralized services;. This is true as both a user (etherscan.io, opensea.io) or a developer (infura.io). I agree with Nate’s comment that ethereum contracts are indeed public and immutable. Whether an individual chooses to sync a node, inspect the code and understand what functions are public and which can be run only by the contract owner to modify state, it is up to them. ...

For lack of a better word, 2020 has been very interesting for financial markets. Volatility hit all-time highs, some fortunes were wiped…

I agree that your reply almost warrants an article of it’s own :) To be honest, the fact that Embed.ly works with multi-file gists when you specify the file name, it really makes me wonder what (and why) medium is doing on the backend? The proxy provider solution seems viable but a bit of an overkill IMO if it’s possible to avoid. It’d be great if Medium Engineering could look at this, and ideally, even avoid the preprocessing step that’s making things complicated. 🤞that they respond.

One of my favorite features of elixir is being able to start a shell that loads the entire context of my project: $ iex -S mix It provides easy access to all of the project’s modules so you could easily iterate on your code by compiling it directly from within the shell. You have the option to recompile the whole project or just a single module: # single module $ r MyModulesNameSpace.MyModule # whole project $ recompile The other great thing about elixir is how easy it is to run unit tests: ...

This is a great article and a great exploration. Your pros and cons list sums everything up, but I’m was curious you’d every leverage this Postgres features for a system you use for work that has to be maintable in the long-term?

“Map data is only available to an app that is running on a device physically inside the location where the map was built. We check both coarse (WiFi or GPS) location and using precise visual feature and sensor data to match whether you are in the physical location.” If I stand outside the door of someone who is running the app inside, wouldn’t I be able to get a sparse map cloud of their house?

Fees are a metric worth looking into but I would say that the story they tell is more of how sustainable the network is as opposed to the adoption rate by the general public. They’re actually growing at a much higher rate than I had expected! I think this is healthy given how BTC will probably be a settlement network and lightning networks will be used for everything else. I agree with you regarding spam attacks and other one-off events. ...

I think it’s worth noting that in order to use await, the function directly enclosing the test code must be marked as async. Helpful resource: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42299594/await-is-a-reserved-word-error-inside-async-function.

I’m having some trouble with the truffle console. When I type “Vo” and click tab, it autocompletes to Voting as expecting. When I type “Voting.d” and click tab, it redeploys all the contracts rather than autocompleting to “Voting.deployed” as expected. Mahesh Murthy, could you confirm whether this is the expected behaviour or is it potentially some sort of weird configuration on my end?

I like the price ceiling and floor approach but see two issues with it. If we’re selling a DAO token with equal voting rights, and a majority is required to make some decision, then someone could come in and purchase the equivalent of the token’s market cap + ε. They would then be able to make an authoritative decision. If they choose to sell the tokens after the decision had been made, they’d have effectively paid (market cap + ε -num_tokens_purchase * price_floor) to make that decision. From the point of view of an investor, being paid by the beneficiaries is great for a company like Apple that pays dividends. However, if the company/beneficiary can make better use of their income by reinvesting it rather than paying it out to the token/share holders, then price appreciate of the token/share is how that value gets realized. Amazon is a great example of this. In the safe token model, the role of price appreciation would be determined by the sale administrator rather than market forces, which seems kind of odd…

While a correction is currently taking place, and it’s impossible to foresee what will happen over the coming months, my opinion is that the realm of possibilities with blockchain technology is still in it’s infancy. I don’t think we’ll see real stability until it’s adopted by mainstream organizations, which could very well take at least ten years. By then, the market cap of all cryptocurrencies, in my opinion, will far exceed a trillion dollars.

Balaji S. Srinivasan One of the projects you omitted that I think is very noteworthy is Aragon. It’s built on top of ethereum and helps you manage a company (token issuance, vesting schedules, etc…) without all the intermediaries.

Reading this felt like watching a Pixar movie: the humbling protagonist with a dream, embarking on a long journey, training really hard insert montage here, with both highs and lows, making new friends and connections along the way, ultimately culminating in a happy but slightly different than expected ending. You should legitimately consider selling the rights to your story. You said your goal was to tell a story through dance, and in a way you managed to do it by writing this piece. Your passion for the art and the candidness of your words took me on a wilder emotional rollercoaster than I had originally expected. ...

Personally, I think we’re entering an era where acquisitions will be more common than IPOs. The bubble is not bursting, but it’s not growing at the same rate as it used to, and there’s not much more air to fill it. VC money is drying up, and seeing how most startups still can’t turn a profit but have valuable IP, an acquisition is a good out for shareholders and investors. ...

Great piece! My takeaway was that as long all your needs are met, money just acts as insurance. Nothing changes when you get home / auto / health insurance unless an unlikely situation arises, in which case it really could prove useful.

I couldn’t agree more. Having grown up in a reform Jewish household, I always enjoyed the holidays and just having a reason to get together as a community and celebrate. Arguably, you don’t need a reason to celebrate, but tradition kind of served as a calendar that everybody worked their schedules around. However, I think that religion itself is an outdated concept in a modern society. Like you said, religion serves to provide a strict set of rules to live by. This was very important and necessary in the early days of human civilization when no prior rules existed, but that is no longer the case. We now have a central government, laws, order (more or less), and those who still abide by rules from centuries ago hinder themselves from reaching their full potential.

A walk from the subway station — inspired by The Hunger Games Prior to my senior year in College, I made my way through the Hunger Games Trilogy. I read all three books back-to-back in a relatively short period of time. Having spent so much time in Suzanne Collins’ world and writing, I felt as if her writing style had rubbed off on me at the time. On my first day of my senior year in College, I felt an overwhelming sensation to write something as I exited the subway. It took approximately 7 minutes to walk from the subway to the building where most of my classes were held, during which I wrote the piece below. The content is utter nonsense, but I think it really captures writing style and essence of the hunger games in some way. ...

title: “Testing the limits of the world around you” date: 2025-12-16T22:25:03-0800 draft: false description: “” tags: [“founders”, “entrepreneurs”, “risk”, “self-awareness”, “shamelessness”, “self-reflection”] categories: [“thoughts”] ShowToc: true TocOpen: false ShowReadingTime: true ShowBreadCrumbs: true ShowPostNavLinks: true ShowWordCount: true To be a successful founder, there are many traits one needs to embody: adaptability, discipline, perseverance, grit, humility, curiosity, integrity, and the list goes on. Some of these come naturally. Others are learned. And even the ones you’re born with usually still need to be cultivated, strengthened, and refined. ...